¿Está la virtud en el punto medio? La incertidumbre del CIN2 y el papel del VPH / Is virtue at the midpoint? The uncertainty of CIN2 and the role of HPV

Objetivo: La biopsia guiada por colposcopia (BGC) marca el manejo de la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la concordancia de los resultados entre la BGC y la escisión amplia de la zona de transformación (LLETZ, large loop excision of the transformation zone), y la utilidad del genotipado del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) para seleccionar a las pacientes con riesgo de lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado/neoplasia intraepitelial cervical 3 (HSIL/CIN3). Método: Se compararon los resultados de la BGC y de la LLETZ, siendo esta última el método de referencia. Se evaluó la relación del genotipo del VPH con el diagnóstico final de HSIL/CIN3. Resultados: La precisión de la biopsia comparada con LLETZ fue del 61,4%. La tasa de concordancia fue del 64,4% para CIN1, del 31,4% para CIN2 y del 77,4% para CIN3. La tasa global de sobrediagnóstico fue del 18,68% y la de subdiagnóstico del 19,89%. En mujeres menores de 30 años, la concordancia fue del 62,79% (CIN1 65%, CIN2 39,58% y CIN3 73,08%), la tasa de sobrediagnóstico del 22,67% y la tasa de subdiagnóstico del 15,11%. La infección por VPH16 tuvo una odds ratio de 3,86 para el diagnóstico final de HSIL/CIN3+. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de CIN2 por BGC parece insuficiente para seleccionar a las pacientes para tratamiento escisional, principalmente en mujeres jóvenes. El hallazgo de VPH16 es un factor de riesgo de HSIL/CIN3+ independientemente del resultado de la biopsia.

Objective: Colposcopy-guided biopsy (CGB) is a basic tool for the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the concordance of results between CGB and large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), and the usefulness of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping to select patients at risk of H-SIL/CIN3. Method: The results of colposcopy-guided biopsy and LLETZ were compared, with LLETZ being the gold standard. The relationship of HPV genotype to the final diagnosis of CIN3 was assessed. Results: The accuracy of CGB compared to LLETZ was 61.4%. The concordance rate was 64.4% for CIN1, 31.4% for CIN2 and 77.4% for CIN3. The overall overdiagnosis rate was 18.68% and underdiagnosis rate was 19.89%. In women under 30 years of age the concordance rate was 62.79% (CIN1 65%, CIN2 39.58% and CIN3 73.08%), and the rate of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis was 22.67% and 15.11%, respectively. HPV16 infection had an odds ratio of 3.86 for the final diagnosis of CIN3+ and the result was significant regardless of the biopsy result. Conclusions: The CGB result as CIN2 is inaccurate and seems insufficient to select patients for excisional treatment, mainly in young women. HPV16 infection is a risk factor for CIN3+ regardless of the colposcopy-guided biopsy result.

Câncer de colo uterino na gestação / Cervical cancer in pregnancy

PONTOS-CHAVE • A incidência de câncer durante a gestação tem aumentado devido à tendência das mulheres em postergar a gravidez. O câncer de colo de útero é a terceira neoplasia mais comumente diagnosticada durante o período gestacional. • O rastreamento e o diagnóstico devem se dar como nas pacientes não gestantes; a citologia oncótica cervical é o exame obrigatório do pré-natal, e a colposcopia com biópsia pode ser realizada em qualquer período da gestação. • A gestação complicada pelo diagnóstico de um câncer deve sempre ser conduzida em centro de referência e por equipe multidisciplinar. • A interrupção da gestação em situações específicas, para tratamento-padrão, é respaldada por lei. • A quimioterapia neoadjuvante é uma alternativa segura de tratamento durante a gestação, para permitir alcançar a maturidade fetal. Apresenta altas taxas de resposta, sendo relatada progressão neoplásica durante a gestação em apenas 2,9% dos casos. O risco de malformações fetais decorrentes da quimioterapia é semelhante ao da população geral. Contudo, a quimioterapia está associada a restrição de crescimento intraútero, baixo peso ao nascer e mielotoxicidade neonatal. • Na ausência de progressão de doença, deve-se levar a gestação até o termo.

Analysis of natural regression and influencing factors of HSIL in the cervix of childbearing age patients / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To investigate the natural regression and related factors of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in the cervix of childbearing age women, and to evaluate the applicability of conservative management for future fertility needs. Methods: This study included 275 patients of reproductive age with fertility needs, who were diagnosed as HSIL by biopsy from April 30, 2015 to April 30, 2022, including 229 cases (83.3%) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Ⅱ and 46 cases (16.7%) CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ. They were followed-up without immediate surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The median follow-up time was 12 months (range: 3-66 months). The regression, persistence and progression of lesions in patients with HSIL were analyzed during the follow-up period, the influencing factors related to regression and the time of regression were analyzed. Results: (1) Of the 275 HSIL patients, 213 cases (77.5%, 213/275) experienced regression of the lesion during the follow-up period. In 229 CIN Ⅱ patients, 180 cases (78.6%) regressed, 21 cases (9.2%) persisted, and 28 cases (12.2%) progressed. In 46 CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients, 33 cases (71.7%) regressed, 12 cases (26.1%) persisted, and 1 case (2.2%) progressed to invasive squamous cell carcinoma stage Ⅰ a1. There was no significant difference in the regression rate between the two groups (χ2=1.03, P=0.309). (2) The average age at diagnosis, age <25 years old at diagnosis were independent influencing factor of HSIL regression in univariate analysis (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference between HSIL regression and pathological grading, the severity of screening results, human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype, colposcopy image characteristics, number of biopsies during follow-up and pregnancy experience (all P>0.05). (3) The median regression times for patients aged ≥25 years and <25 years at diagnosis were 15 and 12 months, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that age ≥25 years at diagnosis significantly increased the median regression time compared to <25 years (χ2=6.02, P=0.014). Conclusions: For HSIL patients of childbearing age, conservative management without immediate surgical intervention is preferred if CINⅡ is fully evaluated through colposcopy examination. Age ≥25 years at diagnosis is a risk factor affecting the prognosis of HSIL patients.

Efetividade da marcação combinada de p16 e ki67 na referência de mulheres com citologia ASC-US ou LSIL para colposcopia / Effectiveness of combined p16 and ki67 labeling in the referral of women with ASC-US or LSIL cytology for colposcopy

Objetivo: Analisar o desempenho do teste de Dupla Marcação (DM) por p16 e Ki67 em amostras de células cervicais para detecção de lesões precursoras do câncer do colo do útero, comparando-o à repetição imediata da citologia em mulheres com resultado de citologia de rastreamento ASC-US ou LSIL. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal que recrutou 121 mulheres nas unidades de Atenção Primária de Saúde dos municípios de Palmas e Porto Nacional, em Tocantins, e da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com citologia de rastreamento com resultado ASC-US ou LSIL. As mulheres foram referidas aos Serviços de Referência do Colo participantes em Tocantins e no Rio de Janeiro. As participantes realizaram o exame de colposcopia e coleta de espécime para Citologia em Meio Líquido (CML) e para DM para p16 e Ki67. Os resultados dos testes foram comparados ao padrão-ouro misto definido pela colposcopia, histologia (quando obtido espécime histológico) na avaliação inicial, ou citologia, colposcopia e histologia (quando obtido espécime histológico) no seguimento de pelo menos 12 meses, definindo as que tinham lesão precursora (NIC II ou NIC III) ou não. Resultados: Das 121 mulheres recrutadas, 76 mulheres foram consideradas para esta análise por terem pelo menos um exame de triagem realizado (CML ou DM por p16-Ki67) e conclusão diagnóstica. Dessas, 42 apresentavam exame prévio de ASC-US e 34 de LSIL. A maioria (86,8%) estava na faixa etária recomendada para o rastreamento (25 a 64 anos). Objetivo: Analisar o desempenho do teste de Dupla Marcação (DM) por p16 e Ki67 em amostras de células cervicais para detecção de lesões precursoras do câncer do colo do útero, comparando-o à repetição imediata da citologia em mulheres com resultado de citologia de rastreamento ASC-US ou LSIL. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal que recrutou 121 mulheres nas unidades de Atenção Primária de Saúde dos municípios de Palmas e Porto Nacional, em Tocantins, e da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com citologia de rastreamento com resultado ASC-US ou LSIL. As mulheres foram referidas aos Serviços de Referência do Colo participantes em Tocantins e no Rio de Janeiro. As participantes realizaram o exame de colposcopia e coleta de espécime para Citologia em Meio Líquido (CML) e para DM para p16 e Ki67. Os resultados dos testes foram comparados ao padrão-ouro misto definido pela colposcopia, histologia (quando obtido espécime histológico) na avaliação inicial, ou citologia, colposcopia e histologia (quando obtido espécime histológico) no seguimento de pelo menos 12 meses, definindo as que tinham lesão precursora (NIC II ou NIC III) ou não. Resultados: Das 121 mulheres recrutadas, 76 mulheres foram consideradas para esta análise por terem pelo menos um exame de triagem realizado (CML ou DM por p16-Ki67) e conclusão diagnóstica. Dessas, 42 apresentavam exame prévio de ASC-US e 34 de LSIL. A maioria (86,8%) estava na faixa etária recomendada para o rastreamento (25 a 64 anos). Oito mulheres (10,5%) apresentaram NIC II ou III como conclusão diagnóstica. Verificou-se que o teste da DM de p16 e Ki67 identificou um número maior de mulheres com um desses diagnósticos, encaminhando 50% das mulheres com ASC-US ou LSIL na citologia de rastreamento para colposcopia, mas deixando de identificar 50% dessas mulheres. Esse teste mostrou-se 2,5 vezes mais sensível do que o exame citopatológico de repetição imediata. Conclusão: O teste de DM por p16 e Ki67 se mostrou mais capaz de identificar mulheres com lesões precursoras com resultado citopatológico prévio ASC-US ou LSIL e sem aumento relevante de encaminhamentos para colposcopia em comparação à citologia de repetição imediata.(AU)

Objective: To access p16/Ki-67 double staining (DS) in cervical cells performance for detecting precursor lesions of cervical cancer, in comparison to immediate repetition of the liquid-based cervical cytology (LBCC) in women with screening cytology results of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Methodology: This study recruited 121 women in primary health care units in Palmas and Porto Nacional, Tocantins, and in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with screening cytology showing ASC-US or LSIL. Women were addressed to the Cervical Referral Services (SRC) in each state and examined with colposcopy, LBCC and DS-p16/Ki-67. Histological results were available for women in which a cervical biopsy was obtained during initial evaluation or duringa follow-up up to 12 months, discerning cases with precursor lesions (CIN2 or CIN3) or not. Results: From the 121 recruited women, 76 screened positive in at least one exam (LBCC or DS-p16/Ki-67) and had a diagnostic conclusion. From these, 42 and 34 patients had previous ASC-US and LSIL exams, respectively. Most patients (86,8%) were within the recommended age group for screening in Brazil (25 to 64 years-old). CIN2-3 were found in 8 women (10,5%). DS-p16/Ki-67 identified a greater number of women with CIN2-3, addressing 50% of the women to colposcopy, but failing to detect these lesions in 50% of cases. DS-p16/Ki-67 was2,5x more sensitive than the immediate repetition of the LBCC. Conclusion: DS-p16/Ki-67 is more efficient to identify women with precursor lesions with screening cytopalotogical ASC-US or LSIL results, and without relevant increase in referring patients to colposcopy, in comparison to immediate repetition of the LBCC.(AU)

Neoplasia intraepitelial escamosa cervical: abordagem por estimativas de risco / Cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia: risk estimation approach

As neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais representam a fase pré-tumoral da neoplasia invasiva do colo uterino; são identificadas por citologia e testes de DNA-HPV e conduzidas por intervenções ambulatoriais. A perspectiva de estimativas de risco, para abordagem de tais lesões, constitui uma verdadeira mudança de paradigma, tendo em vista que as recomendações serão baseadas em riscos, não em resultados.(AU)

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasms represent the pre-tumor phase of invasive cervical cancer; identified by cytology, HPV-DNA testing and conducted by outpatient interventions. The perspective of risk estimates, to address such injuries, constitutes a true paradigm shift, considering that recomendations will be based on risks, not results.(AU)

Correlación de resultados de los métodos diagnósticos de las patologías del cuello uterino en el Hospital "Camilo Cienfuegos" / Correlation of Diagnostic Methods Results of Cervical Pathologies at Camilo Cienfuegos Hospital

Introducción: El cáncer cérvico uterino es la segunda neoplasia más común en mujeres en el mundo. Una buena correlación entre las pruebas de tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones cervicales optimiza su manejo, evita procedimientos innecesarios y maximiza recursos disponibles. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre los métodos diagnósticos de las patologías del cuello uterino. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en el Hospital Provincial Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus, desde septiembre de 2015 a septiembre de 2017. Se tomó una población de 1172 pacientes de la consulta de patología de cuello uterino según los criterios de la investigación. Los métodos científicos fueron: de nivel teórico, empírico-experimental y matemático-estadístico. Se asumieron las variables: edad, factores de riesgo asociados, sintomatología, citología, colposcopia y biopsia. Resultados: El grupo de edad que con mayor frecuencia se presentó estuvo comprendido entre 26 y 35 años de edad. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados fueron: edad de inicio de las relaciones sexuales antes de los 18 años, virus del papiloma humano, paridad de más de dos hijos y antecedentes familiares de alguna patología de cuello. La sintomatología destacada fue el sangramiento poscoital e intermenstrual. Los resultados de los métodos diagnósticos fueron: virus del papiloma humano y displasia leve, tanto en la citología como en la biopsia, y lesiones de bajo grado en la colposcopia. Conclusiones: La asociación entre los métodos diagnósticos estudiados mostró una buena correlación citocolposcópica y colpohistológica, con diagnóstico de confirmación principalmente ante lesiones de alto grado(AU)

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common neoplasm in women in the world. Good correlation between screening tests, diagnosis and treatment of cervical lesions optimizes management, avoiding unnecessary procedures and maximizing available resources. Objective: To identify the relationship between the diagnostic methods of cervical pathologies. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted at Camilo Cienfuegos Provincial Hospital in Sancti Spíritus, from September 2015 to September 2017. A population of 1172 patients was taken from the cervical pathology clinic according to the research criteria. The scientific methods were theoretical, empirical-experimental and mathematical-statistical. The assumed variables were age, associated risk factors, symptomatology, cytology, colposcopy and biopsy. Results: The age group that most frequently appeared was ages between 26 and 35 years. The main associated risk factors were age of first sexual intercourse before 18 years old, human papillomavirus, parity of more than two children and family history of some cervix pathology. The outstanding symptomatology was postcoital and intermenstrual bleeding. The results of the diagnostic methods were human papillomavirus and mild dysplasia, both in cytology and biopsy, and low-grade colposcopy lesions. Conclusions: The association between the diagnostic methods studied showed good cytocolposcopic and colpohistological correlation, with confirmation diagnosis mainly in cases of high-grade lesions(AU)

Recurrencia en pacientes intervenidas mediante sacrocolpopexia laparoscópica por prolapso de cúpula vaginal poshisterectomía / Vaginal Vault Prolapse Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexy

Introducción: el prolapso de cúpula vaginal es una complicación que afecta entre 0,2 y 2 por ciento de las pacientes con antecedente de histerectomía total. La meta principal del tratamiento quirúrgico consiste no solo en mejorar la sintomatología, sino además evitar la recurrencia. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de la regularidad en pacientes intervenidas mediante sacrocolpopexia laparoscópica por prolapso de cúpula vaginal poshisterectomía y su posible relación con algunas variables sociodemográficas y quirúrgicas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, en una serie consecutiva de 41 pacientes atendidas quirúrgicamente en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso de La Habana, Cuba desde el 1º de agosto de 2008 hasta el 30 de abril de 2016. Resultados: la recurrencia se presentó en cinco pacientes de la serie (12,2 por ciento) después de un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 7,3 años. En ellas fue mayor la frecuencia de comorbilidad dado por la presencia de antecedentes patológicos personales (9,8 por ciento frente a 2,4 por ciento), así como de histerectomía previa por vía convencional en relación con la laparoscópica (7,3 por ciento frente a 4,9 por ciento). Las diferencias encontradas no fueron significativas. La tasa de éxito (supervivencia libre de recurrencia) a los cinco años fue de 84,4 por ciento. Conclusiones: se presentó una baja frecuencia de recurrencia en las pacientes intervenidas sin poder establecer su posible asociación con algunas variables seleccionadas(AU)

Introduction: Vaginal vault prolapse is a complication that affects 0.2 to 2 percent of patients with a history of total hysterectomy. The main goal of surgical treatment is not only to improve symptoms, but also to avoid recurrence. Objective: To determine the frequency of regularity in patients undergoing laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexy due to prolapse of the vaginal vault and its possible relation with some sociodemographic and surgical variables. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in a consecutive series of 41 patients surgically treated at the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery, Havana, Cuba from August 1, 2008 to April 30, 2016. Results: Recurrence occurred in five patients of the series (12.2 percent) after a mean follow-up time of 7.3 years. Their frequency of comorbidity was higher due to the presence of personal pathological history (9.8 percent vs. 2.4 percent) as well as previous hysterectomy by conventional route in relation to laparoscopy (7.3 percent vs. 4.9 percent). The differences found were not significant. The success rate (recurrence-free survival) at five years was 84.4 percent. Conclusions: A low frequency of recurrence in the patients who underwent surgery. It was not possible to establish their possible association with some selected variables(AU)

Evolución de las lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de bajo grado del cérvix (2012-2013) / Evolution of Cervix Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (2012-2013)

Introducción: las lesiones intraepiteliales cervicales son precursoras del cáncer de cuello uterino, enfermedad que causó 465 muertes en Cuba en el año 2015. Objetivo: describir la evolución de las lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo grado del cérvix durante un bienio según lo dispuesto en el Programa Nacional de Diagnóstico Precoz del Cáncer Cervicouterino. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo a 79 pacientes diagnosticadas citológicamente con una lesión escamosa intraepitelial de bajo grado en el período comprendido entre el 1ro de septiembre de 2012 y el 31 de agosto de 2013 en el Hospital Materno Ramón González Coro. Seguimiento evolutivo cada seis meses durante dos años. Resultados: 54,4 por ciento tenía entre 25 y 39 años de edad. Del total, 65,8 por ciento negativizó la citología entre los 6 y 18 meses. En los dos años de evolución, 25,3 por ciento del total progresó a una lesión de alto grado. Existió buena correlación citocolposcópica en 80 por ciento de las pacientes. El cálculo de la mediana de la zona transformación atípica en las lesiones de alto grado fue de 25 por ciento, muy superior a las de bajo grado. Hubo confirmación histológica en todos los casos cuya lesión progresó. Conclusiones: las pacientes que negativizaron la citología lo hizo durante los 18 meses de seguimiento. Existió buena relación citohistológica, no así colpohistológica. La evolución no guardó relación con las variables sociodemográficas excepto con el uso de DIU. Lesiones que ocupan más del 20 por ciento de la zona de transformación se relacionó con progresión hacia una lesión escamosa intraepitelial de alto grado(AU)

Introduction: Cervical intraepithelial lesions are signs of cervical cancer, a disease that caused 465 deaths in Cuba in 2015. Objective: To describe the evolution of low-grade intraepithelial lesions of the cervix during a biennium according to the provisions of the National Program of Early Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out on 79 patients diagnosed by cytology with a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion from September 1, 2012 to August 31, 2013 at Ramón González Coro Gyneco-Obstetric Hospital. These subjects received an evolutionary follow-up every six months for two years. Results: 54.4 percent were between 25 and 39 years of age; 65.8 percent had negative cytology between 6 and 18 months. In the two years of evolution, 25.3 percent of the total progressed to a high-grade lesion. There was good cytocolposcopic correlation in 80 percent of the patients. The calculation of the median of the atypical transformation zone in the high-grade lesions was 25 percent, much higher than the low-grade ones. There was histological confirmation in all cases whose lesion progressed. Conclusions: Negative cytology in our patients was assessed during the 18 months of follow-up period. There was good cytohistological relationship, but not so for colpohistological relationship. The evolution was not related to the sociodemographic variables except with the use of IUD. Lesions that occupy more than 20 percent of the transformation zone were associated with progression towards a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(AU)

El método CONO-UC: un protocolo integrado de toma de decisión y manejo de lesiones pre-invasoras del cuello uterino útil para especialistas jóvenes / The CONO-UC method: an integrated protocol for decision-making and management of pre-invasive cervical lesions useful for young specialists

OBJETIVOS: En la actualidad, existe una alta tasa de sobre-tratamiento de lesiones precursoras cervicales, la cual, en su causalidad, depende de la inexperiencia del operador que toma las decisiones. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar un método estandarizado de ponderación/juicio de variables diagnósticas y tratamiento útiles de ser usadas por especialistas jóvenes a fin de minimizar el riesgo de manejo inadecuado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 471 pacientes referidos por citología anormal y tratados mediante asa de LEEP. Se calcularon la sensibilidad, la especificidad, los valores predictivos y las relaciones de probabilidad para el diagnóstico de NIE2+ para cada uno de los métodos de diagnóstico. A cada residente se le enseñó un protocolo estandarizado de tratamiento mediante asa. Una vez identificados los mejores predictores, se construyó una escala de puntaje que ponderaba las variables y se definió mediante curva ROC el major punto de corte para la predicción de NIE2+. Las diferencias entre los grupos se compararon mediante Chi-cuadrado, ANOVA o t-test. Se construyó curva de fallas mediante el método de 1-Kaplan Meier. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de NIE2+ en esta cohorte fue 66%. La concordancia entre las pruebas diagnósticas fue baja, teniendo la colposcopia el peor valor predictivo positivo y el mayor riesgo de sobre-tratamiento. Para la escala de puntaje se incluyeron la edad, la citología, la colposcopia (estratificación basada en la extensión de compromiso por cuadrantes), la biopsia por mascada y la concordancia entre pruebas diagnósticas. Un puntaje≥ 9 asociado al uso de un protocolo estandarizado, obtuvo tasas de sobre-tratamiento <15%, de recurrencias de NIE2+ <5% a 5 años y una baja tasa de procedimientos sub-óptimos o con complicaciones (<2 %). CONCLUSIONES: El método CONO-UC al combinar un sistema de puntaje integrado (punto de corte) con un protocolo estandarizado de excisión, permite minimizar el riesgo de sobretratamiento o tratamiento inadecuado, por parte de especialistas jóvenes, de lesiones preinvasoras del cuello uterino, reduciendo además el número de procedimientos indicados innecesariamente y manteniendo una alta tasa de éxito terapéutico.

GOALS: Currently, there is a high rate of over-treatment of precursor cervical lesions, which, in their causality, depends on the inexperience of the decision-making operator. The objective of the present study was to develop a standardized method of weighting / judgment of diagnostic variables and treatment useful to be used by young specialists in order to minimize the risk of improper handling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 471 patients referred by abnormal cytology and treated by LEEP. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios for the diagnosis of CIN2+ were calculated for each of the diagnostic methods. Each resident was taught a standardized protocol to carry out a LEEP procedure. Once the best predictors were identified, a scoring scale was constructed that weighted the variables and the best cut-off point for the prediction of CIN2+ was defined by ROC curve. Differences between groups were compared using Chi-square, ANOVA or t-test. Failure curves were built up using the 1-Kaplan Meier method. RESULTS: The prevalence of CIN2+ in this cohort was 66%. The agreement between the diagnostic tests was low, with colposcopy having the worst positive predictive value and the highest risk of over-treatment. Age, cytology, colposcopy (stratification based on the extent of compromise by quadrants), punch biopsy, and agreement between diagnostic tests were included for building the scoring scale. A score ≥ 9 in association with the use of a standardized protocol obtained rates of over-treatment <15%, recurrences of CIN2+ <5% at 5-year follow-up and a low rate of suboptimal procedures or complications (<2%). CONCLUSIONS: The UC-CONE method, by combining an integrated scoring system with a standardized excision protocol, minimizes the risk of over-treatment or inadequate treatment of pre-invasive cervical lesions by young specialists, reducing the number of procedures indicated unnecessarily and maintaining a high rate of therapeutic success.

Correlación cito-colpo-histológica en lesiones premalignas del cuello uterino en el Hospital Básico Píllaro en Ecuador / Cito-Colpo-Histological Correlation in Premalignant Cervical Lesions

Introducción: el cáncer cervicouterino es una de las amenazas más graves para la vida de las mujeres. Actualmente en el mundo lo padecen más de un millón de ellas. En Ecuador, ocupa el segundo lugar en incidencia y causa 1,2 por ciento de muertes anuales en el país. Su detección oportuna es posible gracias a la citología cervicovaginal que contribuye eficazmente a detectar lesiones precancerosas y disminuir significativamente el carcinoma del cuello uterino. El estudio de la paciente se complementa con colposcopia y toma de biopsia para aumentar la certeza diagnóstica. En algunos casos, no se ha observado una buena correlación diagnóstica. Objetivo: determinar la relación citocolpohistológica en pacientes atendidas con Papanicolaou alterado en consulta de Patología del Tracto Genital Inferior. Métodos: se revisaron 82 historias clínicas de pacientes atendidas con Papanicolaou alterado en la consulta de Patología del Tracto Genital Inferior en el Hospital Básico Píllaro de Ecuador desde abril de 2015 hasta abril de 2016. Resultados: del total de pacientes, 32,9 por ciento tenían entre 30 y 39 años de edad; 90,2 por ciento iniciaron sus relaciones sexuales durante la adolescencia. De ellas, 89 por ciento tuvo entre una y cinco parejas sexuales; 59,7 por ciento tuvo entre uno y tres partos. Existió un 21,4 por ciento de correlación cito-colposcópica en el diagnóstico de las lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo grado. La relación colpo-histológica mostró un 87,5 por ciento de coincidencias en las lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo grado y en las lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado un 71,4 por ciento. Conclusiones: el inicio precoz de la actividad sexual, las múltiples parejas sexuales y la multiparidad continúan resaltando en la aparición de las lesiones premalignas del cuello uterino(AU)

Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the most serious threats to the lives of women. In the world today, more than a million of them suffer from it. In Ecuador, it ranks second in incidence and causes 1.2 percent of annual deaths in the country. Its timely detection is possible thanks to cervicovaginal cytology that contributes effectively to detecting precancerous lesions and significantly decreasing carcinoma of the cervix. The patient's study is complemented by colposcopy and biopsy to increase diagnostic certainty even when good diagnostic correlation has not been observed in some cases. Objective: Determine the cyto-colpo-histological relationship in patients treated due to altered Papanicolaou, in consultation of Pathology of the Lower Genital Tract in Píllaro Basic Hospital. Ecuador. Methods: In the present study, we reviewed 82 clinical records of patients treated with altered Papanicolaou in the Lower Genital Tract Pathology consultation at the Píllaro Basic Hospital, Ecuador from April 2015 to April 2016. Results: 32.9 percent of patients aged 30 to 39 years; 90.2 percent started sexual intercourse throughout adolescence. 89 percent had one to five sexual partners. 59.7 percent had one to three deliveries. There was 21.4 percent cyto-colposcopic correlation in the diagnosis of low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). The colpo-histological relationship showed 87.5 percent of coincidences in the LSIL and 71.4 percent. showed high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL)(AU)

Prevalencia del virus del papiloma humano en mujeres con citología negativa / Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Women with Negative Cytology

Introducción: la infección persistente por los subtipos oncogénicos del virus del papiloma humano es la causa principal del desarrollo del cáncer cérvico-uterino. Las mujeres que presentan citología normal pueden estar infectadas por subtipos de alto riesgo carcinogénico. Objetivo: brindar información actualizada existente en la literatura científica internacional acerca de la prevalencia de la infección por el virus del papiloma humano a nivel mundial y de la importancia de la detección temprana de estos virus en mujeres con citología negativa. Método: se realizó una revisión de los estudios desarrollados a nivel global y para esto se utilizaron las bases de datos PubMed, MedLine, BioMed Central y SciELO. Resultados: la prevalencia de la infección por los subtipos de alto riesgo del virus del papiloma humano en las mujeres con citología normal fue del 10 - 12 por ciento, con algunas diferencias entre países. El mayor pico de frecuencia de esta infección viral se localizó en jóvenes menores de 25 años y, en algunas regiones geográficas, se observó un segundo pico en mayores de 49 años. Los cinco subtipos oncogénicos más frecuentes de estos virus fueron 16, 18, 31, 52 y 58 con ciertas variaciones a nivel global. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico precoz de la infección por el virus del papiloma humano, especialmente los genotipos de alto riesgo, es un factor importante para una mejor prevención del cáncer cérvico-uterino(AU)

Introduction: Persistent infection with the oncogenic subtypes of human papillomavirus is the leading cause of cervical cancer. Women with normal cytology may be infected with subtypes of high carcinogenic risk. Objective: Provide updated information on the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection worldwide and the importance of their early detection in women with negative cytology. Methods: A review of the studies developed at a global level was carried out and PubMed, MedLine, BioMed Central, and SciELO databases were used. Results: The prevalence of infection with high - risk subtypes of human papillomavirus in women with normal cytology was 10 - 12 percent, with some differences between countries. The highest peak of frequency of this viral infection was located in young women under 25 years old and, in some geographic regions a second peak could be observed in those older than 49 years. The five most frequent oncogenic subtypes of these viruses were 16, 18, 31, 52 and 58 with certain variations globally. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection, especially high-risk genotypes, is an important factor for better prevention of cervical-uterine cancer(AU)

Margen quirúrgico positivo de enfermedad neoplásica en conos cervical, según las técnicas de conización bajo visión directa o video colposcopía realizados en el INCAN / Positive surgical margins of neoplastic disease in cervical cones, according to techniques of conization under direct vision or video colposcopy performed in INCAN

En la Zona de Transformación del Cérvix, se produce las alteraciones epiteliales de las Neoplasias Cervicales por infección del Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH), la conización cervical puede ser: terapéutico y diagnóstico...

There are two indications for cerviical conization: therapeutic and diagnostic neoplastic diseases It´s a challenge to get the piece of cervical cone without disease or positive margins at the edges especially when it is therapeutic...

Colposacropexia abdominal abierta con malla mixta en el prolapso de cúpula vaginal: experiencia en el Hospital de Quilpué, Chile / Open abdominal colposacropexy with mixed mesh in vaginal vault prolapse: experience in the Hospital of Quilpué, Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La colposacropexia por vía abdominal abierta (CSPA) es el gold standard para el tratamiento del prolapso de la cúpula vaginal (PCV). OBJETIVO: Mostrar nuestra experiencia, en un Hospital de mediana complejidad, en los primeros siete casos sometidos a un CSPA, reportando las complicaciones intra y post operatorias. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo descriptivo en nuestras siete primeras pacientes portadoras de un prolapso de cúpula vaginal estadio III o IV (POP-Q) sintomáticas, sin incontinencia urinaria y sometidas a una CSPA, con una malla mixta en el Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología del Hospital de Quilpué. RESULTADOS: Se reclutaron 7 pacientes. Ninguna de ellas presentaba complicaciones con riesgo vital peri-operatorio, en un período de seguimiento de 33 meses. En el 100% de las pacientes se logró cura objetiva definida como un POP-Q estadio 0 o I, y buena calidad de vida según el Cuestionario de Impacto del Piso Pélvico (PFIQ-7, versión validada en español). Durante el seguimiento, sólo una paciente presentó exposición asintomática de 5 mm de la malla, resuelta con su resección por vía vaginal. Ninguna paciente requirió de una cirugía por prolapso de órganos pélvicos después de la CSPA. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados obtenidos concuerdan con la literatura. La CSPA sigue siendo el gold standard para el tratamiento del PCV, no siendo superada por el momento, por ninguna otra técnica, incluso la colposacropexia laparoscópica. Estimamos que el uso de mallas parcialmente reabsorbibles pueden disminuir la exposición de mallas, sin embargo se requieren de más estudios.

INTRODUCTION: The abdominal sacral-colpopexy is currently considered the gold standard for the management of (CSPA) vaginal vault prolapse (PCV). OBJECTIVE: To report our surgical experience at a county hospital with our first seven abdominal sacral-colpopexy cases. Reporting intra and post-operative complications. METHODS: We conducted a prospective descriptive study involving our first seven cases of patients with symptomatic vaginal vault prolapse stage III or IV (POP-Q) without urinary incontinence. All patients were undergoing CSPA with a partially absorbable mesh in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at the Quilpué Hospital. RESULTS: Seven patients were recruited. None of them presented a life threatening complication during a mean follow up period of 33 months. A hundred percent of patients achieved objetive cure defined as POP-Q stage 0 or I and subjective cure defined as a significant improvement in a validated questionnaire (PFIQ-7 spanish version). During patients follow up, only one patient had an asymptomatic 5 mm mesh exposure, resolved with a vaginal resection. None of the patients required surgery for pelvic organ prolapse after the CSPA. CONCLUSION: These results are in agreement with the international literature. The CSPA continues to be the gold standard for the PCV treatment of vaginal vault prolapse and has not been surpassed by either vaginal technique or the laparoscopic sacral-colpopexy. We believe that the use of partially reabsorbable meshes can decrease the rate of mesh exposure, however further studies are required.

Cervical cancer screening in young and elderly women of the Xingu Indigenous Park: evaluation of the recommended screening age group in Brazil / Rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino em jovens e idosas do Parque Indígena do Xingu: avaliação quanto à faixa etária preconizada no Brasil

Objective To analyze the occurrence of atypia in the cytology/histology examinations of young women under the age of 25 years and of elderly women aged over 64 years, in the Xingu Indigenous Park and to evaluate, in a subjective manner, if the age range for screening established by the Ministry of Health and the Instituto Nacional de Câncer is appropriate for this population. Methods The Xingu/UNIFESP Project, in partnership with the Center for Gynecological Disease Prevention, develops programs to prevent cervical cancer. The exploratory, retrospective and descriptive study of cytological and histopathological examinations of young (12-24 years) and elderly (aged 64 and over) women of the Xingu Indigenous Park, between 2005 and 2011. Results There was low occurrence of cytological atypia in the elderly female population, but there were occasional high-grade lesions in the indigenous youth. Conclusion Interrupting screening at the limit age of 64 years, as established by the Ministry of Health and the Instituto Nacional de Câncer is justified. However, screening of young women should begin at an earlier age. .

Objetivo Analisar a ocorrência de atipias nos exames citológicos e histológicos de jovens e idosas indígenas, e também avaliar se a faixa etária preconizada pelo Ministério da Saúde e pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer em rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino é adequada para essa população. Métodos O Projeto Xingu/UNIFESP, em parceria com o Núcleo de Prevenção de Doenças Ginecológicas, desenvolve programas de prevenção do câncer do colo de útero. Foi realizado estudo exploratório, retrospectivo e descritivo de exames cito/histopatológicos em jovens do Parque Indígena do Xingu de 12 a 24 anos e em idosas a partir dos 64 anos, no período de 2005 a 2011. Resultados Em idosas, houve baixa ocorrência de atipias citológicas, mas nas jovens indígenas, ocorreram casos eventuais de lesão de alto grau. Conclusão Justifica respeitar o limite de 64 anos para a interrupção do rastreamento, como o estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde/Instituto Nacional de Câncer, mas, nas jovens, seria importante iniciar o rastreamento mais precocemente. .

The clinical performance of APTIMA human papillomavirus and Hybrid Capture 2 assays in the triage of lesser abnormal cervical cytologies / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the clinical performance of APTIMA human papillomavirus (AHPV) assay and Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay in screening for cervical disease, especially in women with atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). METHODS: A total of 411 women diagnosed with ASC-US or LSIL were referred and further triaged by HC2 test. Prior to colposcopy, liquid-based cytology specimens were collected for the AHPV assay. Sensitivity and specificity were established based on the histological findings of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). RESULTS: In all 411 subjects, the positive detection rate of AHPV assay was 70.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.4 to 75.2), which was significantly lower than the positive detection rate of 94.9% obtained using HC2 test (95% CI, 92.3 to 96.8). Only one CIN 3-positive case was detected among the 120 AHPV-negative women, which was then confirmed by Pap smear test to be LSIL. The sensitivities of AHPV and HC2 for CIN 3 were similar (94.1% and 100%, respectively). However, AHPV showed a significantly higher specificity than HC2 test (30.2% and 5.3%, respectively; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: AHPV assay is effective in identifying CIN 3-positive cases because of its high specificity and lower false-negative rate. The use of AHPV for the triage of ASC-US and LSIL might help to reduce the referral rate of colposcopy during cervical cancer screening.

Recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women treated by means of electrosurgical excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Recorrencia de neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais em mulheres infectadas com o virus da imunodeficiencia humana tratadas pela exerese eletrocirurgica da zona de transformacao (EZT) no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women have higher incidence, prevalence, persistence and recurrence of pre-invasive cervical lesions (CIN II or III). The aim here was to investigate the risk of recurrence of CIN II/III among HIV-infected women (HIV+) and uninfected women in a cohort treated by means of large-loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study conducted at Instituto Fernandes Figueira/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IFF/Fiocruz). METHODS: 60 HIV+ and 209 HIV-negative patients were included in a cohort for follow-up after undergoing LLETZ to treat CIN II/III. A histopathological diagnosis of CIN II/III during the follow-up was taken to constitute recurrence. The following possible confounding variables were assessed: age at treatment and at end of follow-up; histological grade of intraepithelial disease treated; surgical margin involvement; adequacy of colposcopy during the follow-up; CD4+ lymphocyte count; HIV viral load; and type of antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: Among the 60 HIV+ women, six showed recurrent disease during the follow-up. However, among the 209 HIV-negative women, seven showed a new precursor lesion. The relative risk of disease recurrence in the HIV+ women was 4.21 (95% CI = 1.42 to 12.43). The Kaplan-Meyer curve showed that the risk of recurrence was significantly higher among HIV+ women (log-rank test: P = 0.0111). CONCLUSION: The HIV+ women in our cohort presented a risk of CIN II/III recurrence at least 42% higher than among the HIV-negative women. These patients should form part of a rigorous screening and follow-up protocol for identification and appropriate treatment of cervical cancer precursor lesions. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: Mulheres infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) apresentam maior incidência, prevalência, persistência e recorrência após tratamentos de lesões pré-invasivas do colo uterino (NIC II ou III). O objetivo foi verificar o risco de recorrência de NIC II/III em mulheres infectadas pelo HIV (HIV+) e não infectadas (HIV-) em uma coorte tratada pela exérese eletrocirúrgica da zona de transformação do colo uterino (EZT). TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de tipo coorte realizado no Instituto Fernandes Figueira/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IFF/Fiocruz). MÉTODOS: 60 HIV+ e 209 HIV- foram incluídas em uma coorte após terem sido submetidas à EZT para tratamento de NIC II/III. Foi considerado como recorrência o diagnóstico histopatológico de NIC II/III. Foram estudadas as seguintes variáveis possivelmente confundidoras: idade no tratamento e ao final do seguimento, grau histológico da doença intra-epitelial tratada, comprometimento de margens, adequação da colposcopia no seguimento, contagem de linfócitos CD4+, carga viral de HIV e tipo de terapia antiretroviral. RESULTADOS: Dentre as 60 mulheres HIV+, 6 apresentaram doença recorrente durante o seguimento. De 209 HIV-, 7 apresentaram uma nova lesão precursora. O risco relativo de recorrência de doença nas HIV+ foi de 4,21 (IC 95% 1,42-12,43). Uma curva de Kaplan-Meyer mostra que o risco de recorrência é significativamente maior em mulheres HIV+ (teste de log-rank: P = 0,0111). CONCLUSÃO: Mulheres HIV+ em nossa coorte apresentaram risco de recorrência pelo menos 42% maior do que mulheres HIV-. Essas pacientes devem fazer parte de um protocolo de rastreio e acompanhamento rigoroso para identificação e tratamento adequado das lesões precursoras do câncer ...

Comparative study of the results from conventional cervico-vaginal oncotic cytology and liquid-based cytology / Estudo comparativo dos resultados obtidos pela citologia oncótica cérvico-vaginal convencional e pela citologia em meio líquido

OBJECTIVE: To compare two oncotic cervical cytology techniques, the conventional and the liquid-based cytology, in low risk patients for uterine cervical cancer. METHODS: Comparative prospective study with 100 patients who came to their annual gynecological exam, and were submitted simultaneously to both techniques. We used the McNemar test, with a significance level of p<0.05 to compare the results obtained related to adequacy of the smear quality, descriptive diagnosis prevalence, guided biopsy confirmation and histology. RESULTS: Adequacy of the smear was similar for both methods. The quality with squamocolumnar junction in 93% of conventional cytology and in 84% of the liquid-based cytology had statistical significance. As for the diagnosis of atypical cells they were detected in 3% of conventional cytology and in 10% of liquidbased cytology (p=0.06). Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance were the most prevalent abnormality. The liquid-based cytology performance was better when compared with colposcopy (guided biopsy), presenting sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 100%. There was no cytological and histological concordance for the conventional cytology. CONCLUSIONS: Liquid-based cytology had a better performance to diagnose atypical cells and the cytohistological concordance was higher than in the conventional cytology.

OBJETIVO: Comparar duas técnicas de colpocitologia oncótica, a convencional e a em meio líquido, em pacientes de baixo risco para carcinoma de colo uterino. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo prospectivo e comparativo, em que foram avaliadas cem mulheres que compareceram à consulta médica de rotina e foram submetidas simultaneamente à coleta pelas duas técnicas de citologia. Os resultados obtidos em relação à adequabilidade, à qualidade dos esfregaços, à prevalência nos diagnósticos descritivos e à confirmação com biópsia dirigida e histologia foram comparados pelo teste de McNemar, com nível de significância de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A adequabilidade dos esfregaços mostrou-se semelhante. A qualidade, com presença de elementos da junção escamo-colunar em 93% das citologias convencionais e 84% das citologias em meio líquido, teve significância estatística. Nos diagnósticos de atipias, elas foram detectadas em 3% das citologias convencionais e em 10% das citologias em meio líquido (p=0,06), sendo as atipias em células escamosas de significado indeterminado a alteração mais prevalente. Quando comparadas à colposcopia com biópsia dirigida, o desempenho da citologia em meio líquido foi superior, com sensibilidade de 66,7% e especificidade de 100%, enquanto que, para a citologia convencional, não houve concordância cito-histológica. CONCLUSÃO: O desempenho em diagnosticar atipias e a concordância cito-histológica da citologia em meio líquido foram superiores ao da citologia convencional.